ebab7d0da53c51438720d60c6e2e467c - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Four Cardinal Principles</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Four Cardinal Principles</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom: 0.2em solid #CE294E00;"><div class="adr"><a href="Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="List_of_leaders_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Leadership</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<dl><dt><a href="Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">Leadership generations</a></dt>

<dd><a href="Succession_of_power_in_China" title="Succession of power in China">Succession of power</a></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Hu–Wen Administration</a> (2002–2012)</li>

<li><a href="Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration" title="Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration">Xi–Li Administration</a> (2012–2017)</li>

<li><a href="General_secretaryship_of_Xi_Jinping" title="General secretaryship of Xi Jinping">Xi's general secretaryship</a> (since 2012)

<ul><li><a href="Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">4th Leadership Core</a>: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li>

<li><a href="20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Party Politburo</a>: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li>

<li><a href="Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">14th State Council</a>: <a href="Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_leaders_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China#Current_office_holders" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Current state leaders</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">Current provincial leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Party_and_state_leaders" title="Party and state leaders">Party and state leaders</a></dt>

<dd><a href="Orders_of_precedence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in China">Orders of precedence</a></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a>: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="First_Lady_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of the People's Republic of China">First lady</a>: <a href="Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a></div></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party leader</a>: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative</a>: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_premiers_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">Head of government</a>: <a href="Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Congress Chairman</a>: <a href="Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li>

<li><a href="Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference Chairman</a>: <a href="Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li>

<li><a href="Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">Commander-in-chief</a>: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li>

<li><a href="Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Related systems</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li>

<li><a href="Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li>

<li><a href="Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">Civil service</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li><li><a href="Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Constitutional_history_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Previous constitutions</a>

<ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="People's_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)</a></div></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism (Article 3)</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_oath_of_office_of_China" title="Constitutional oath of office of China">Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Protection of human rights (Article 33)</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion (Article 36)</a></li>

<li><a href="Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">Highest state organ of power (Article 57)</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese legal system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law tradition</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law tradition</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Legislation_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Legislation Law</i></a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_statutes_of_China" title="List of statutes of China">List of statutes</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="General_Principles_of_the_Civil_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>General Principles of the Civil Law</i></a> (to 2020)</li>

<li><a href="Civil_Code_of_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of People's Republic of China"><i>Civil Code</i></a> (from 2021)</li>

<li><a href="New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law"><i>Marriage Law</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese labour law">Labour law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Labour_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Labour Law</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Labour Contract Law</i></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese property law">Property law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Property_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Property Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Property Law</i></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Patent_law_of_China" title="Patent law of China">Patent law</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_law_in_China" title="Administrative law in China">Administrative law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_Procedure_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Administrative Procedure Law</i></a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Criminal law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capital_offences_in_China" title="Capital offences in China">Capital offences</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<dl><dt><a href="History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="History of the Chinese Communist Party">History</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Principal leaders</a></li></ul>

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution</a> and <a href="Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideology</a></div></div>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath" title="Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath">Admission Oath (Article 6)</a></li>

<li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li>

<li><a href="Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></dd>

<li><a href="Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li>

<li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></div>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</a></div></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Whole-process_people's_democracy" title="Whole-process people's democracy">Whole-process people's democracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div>

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization</a></div></div>

<ul><li><a href="National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Party Congress</a> (<a href="20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)

<ul><li><a href="Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> (<a href="20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)

<dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> (<a href="Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">list</a>)</span>

<dl><dd><a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Politburo</a> (<a href="20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</div></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Secretariat</a> (<a href="20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)

<ul><li>First-ranked secretary: <a href="Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a>: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd>

<dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>:</div> <a href="Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a>, <a href="He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security Commission</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd>

<dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Vice-Chairman:</div> <a href="Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a>, <a href="Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a>, <a href="Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd>

<dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd>

<dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Directors:</div> <span class="nowrap"><a href="Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></span></dd>

<dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary-General: <a href="Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial & Economic Affairs Commission</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd>

<dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd>

<dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></div></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Director_of_the_General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Director of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">Director</a>: <a href="Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a>

<dl><dd>Director: Han Shiming</dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a>

<ul><li><a href="Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_Administration_for_the_Protection_of_State_Secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets">Office of the Central Secrecy Commission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Head_of_the_Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Head of the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Head</a>: <a href="Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> (<a href="20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>)

<ul><li><a href="Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>)

<dl><dd><a href="Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a>: <a href="Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a>

<dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a>

<dl><dd>Leader: <a href="Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li>Provincial committee

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Standing committee</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Secretary</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary">Deputy secretaries</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Party_group" title="Party group">Party group</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="National_People's_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (<a href="14th_National_People's_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a>

<ul><li><a href="Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="System_of_people's_congress" title="System of people's congress">System of people's congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> (14th)

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_Chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress" title="Council of Chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Council of Chairpersons</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a>: <a href="Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></div></dd>

<dd><a href="Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice-Chairpersons</a>

<dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="Li_Hongzhong" title="Li Hongzhong">Li Hongzhong</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="Secretary-General_of_the_National_People's_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="Liu_Qi_(politician%2C_born_1957)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1957)">Liu Qi</a></span></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Special_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress" title="Special Committee of the National People's Congress">Special Committees</a>

<ol><li><a href="Ethnic_Affairs_Committee" title="Ethnic Affairs Committee">Ethnic Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_and_Law_Committee" title="Constitution and Law Committee">Constitution and Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Supervisory_and_Judicial_Affairs_Committee" title="Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Committee">Supervisory and Judicial Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Committee" title="Financial and Economic Affairs Committee">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Education%2C_Science%2C_Culture_and_Public_Health_Committee" title="Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee">Education, Science, Culture and Public Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">Foreign Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Committee" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee">Overseas Chinese Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_Protection_and_Resources_Conservation_Committee" title="Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation Committee">Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Committee" title="Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee">Agriculture and Rural Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_Development_Affairs_Committee" title="Social Development Affairs Committee">Social Development Affairs</a></li></ol></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Presidium_of_the_National_People's_Congress" title="Presidium of the National People's Congress">Presidium</a></li></ul>

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>State representative</div></div>

<ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> (<a href="List_of_Presidents_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_the_President_of_China" title="Office of the President of China">Presidential Office</a>

<dl><dd>Chief: Han Shiming</dd></dl></li></ul></li>

<li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a>: <a href="Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></div></li></ul></li></ul>

</div>

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Executive organ</div></div>

<ul><li><a href="State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council (Central People's Government)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">Li Qiang Cabinet</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a> (<a href="List_of_premiers_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd>

<dd><a href="Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice-Premiers</a> (<a href="List_of_vice_premiers_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>)

<dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Zhang_Guoqing" title="Zhang Guoqing">Zhang Guoqing</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Liu_Guozhong" title="Liu Guozhong">Liu Guozhong</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a>

<dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></div></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council" title="Constituent departments of the State Council">Cabinet-level departments</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development & Reform Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Audit_Office_(China)" title="National Audit Office (China)">National Audit Office</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="General_Office_of_the_State_Council" title="General Office of the State Council">General Office</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council">Deputy Secretaries-General</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_government-owned_companies_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of government-owned companies of China">most Central Enterprises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div>

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Military organ</div></div>

<ul><li><a href="Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission (CMC)</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a> (<a href="Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">supreme commander</a>):

<dl><dd><a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>:

<dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd>

<dd>Members:

<dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd>

<dd>Departments:

<ol><li><a href="General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="General Office of the Central Military Commission">General Office</a>

<dl><dd>Director: <a href="Zhong_Shaojun" title="Zhong Shaojun">Zhong Shaojun</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff Dept.</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">Chief</a>: <a href="Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Dept.</a>

<dl><dd>Director: <a href="Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Logistic_Support_Department" title="Logistic Support Department">Logistic Support Dept.</a>

<dl><dd>Director: <a href="Zhang_Lin_(general)" title="Zhang Lin (general)">Zhang Lin</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission">Equipment Development Dept.</a>

<dl><dd>Director: <a href="Xu_Xueqiang" title="Xu Xueqiang">Xu Xueqiang</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission">Training and Administration Dept.</a>

<dl><dd>Director: <a href="Wang_Peng_(lieutenant_general)" title="Wang Peng (lieutenant general)">Wang Peng</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">National Defense Mobilization Dept.</a>

<dl><dd>Director: <a href="Liu_Faqing" title="Liu Faqing">Liu Faqing</a></dd></dl></li>

<dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission">Politics and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission">Science and Technology Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission">Strategic Planning Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure" title="Office for Reform and Organizational Structure">Reform & Organizational Structure Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">Int'l Military Cooperation Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Audit Office of the Central Military Commission">Audit Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission">Offices Administration Agency</a></li></ol></dd>

<dd>National armed forces:

<dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="People's_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Theater_command" title="Theater command">Theater commands</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="People's_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a>

<dl><dd><a href="1st_Mobile_Contingent" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Mobile Contingent">1st Mobile Contingent</a></dd>

<dd><a href="2nd_Mobile_Contingent" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Mobile Contingent">2nd Mobile Contingent</a></dd>

<dd><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="State_Council_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">National Defense Mobilization Commission</a></div>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Chairman</a>: <a href="Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a></div></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Ministry_of_Veterans_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Veterans Affairs (China)">Ministry of Veterans Affairs</a></dd>

<dd><a href="State_Administration_for_Science%2C_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence">State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense</a></dd></dl></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="History_of_the_People's_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">Military history</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_wars_involving_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernization_of_the_People's_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">Military modernization</a></li>

<li><a href="Deepening_National_Defense_and_Military_Reform" title="Deepening National Defense and Military Reform">Military reform since 2015</a>

<ul><li><a href="Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">CMC Leading Group for Military Reform</a>

<dl><dd>Leader: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div>

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supervisory organ</div></div>

<ul><li><a href="National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Director_of_the_National_Supervisory_Commission" title="Director of the National Supervisory Commission">Director</a>: <a href="Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a></dd></dl></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption in China</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign since 2012</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div>

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Judicial organs</div></div>

<ul><li><a href="Supreme_People's_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="President_of_the_Supreme_People's_Court" title="President of the Supreme People's Court">President</a>: <a href="Zhang_Jun_(politician)" title="Zhang Jun (politician)">Zhang Jun</a></div></dd>

<dd><a href="People's_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Courts Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Supreme_People's_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People's_Procuratorate" title="Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate">Procurator-General</a>: <a href="Ying_Yong" title="Ying Yong">Ying Yong</a></div></dd>

<dd><a href="People's_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Procuratorates Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Court of Final Appeal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Department_of_Justice_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Justice (Hong Kong)">Department of Justice</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prosecutions_Division_(Hong_Kong)" title="Prosecutions Division (Hong Kong)">Prosecutions Division</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Law enforcement in Hong Kong</a></li>

<li><a href="Disciplined_Services" title="Disciplined Services">Disciplined Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_Bureau_(Hong_Kong)" title="Security Bureau (Hong Kong)">Security Bureau</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary of Macau</a>

<ul><li><a href="Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal (Macau)">Court of Final Appeal</a></li>

<li>Public Prosecutions Office</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Secretariat for Security</a>

<ul><li><a href="Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a>

<ul><li>Unitary Police Services

<ul><li><a href="Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a></li>

<li>Judiciary Police</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="System_of_multi-party_cooperation_and_political_consultation" title="System of multi-party cooperation and political consultation">System of multi-party cooperation and political consultation</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">National Committee</a> (<a href="14th_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">14th</a>)

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman</a>: <a href="Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd>

<dd><a href="Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice-Chairpersons</a>

<dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="Wang_Dongfeng" title="Wang Dongfeng">Wang Dongfeng</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties</a>:

<dl><dd><a href="Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP (ruling)</a>

<dl><dd><a href="United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Head_of_the_United_Front_Work_Department" title="Head of the United Front Work Department">Head</a>: <a href="Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Democratic_parties_(China)" title="Democratic parties (China)">Democratic parties</a>

<dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">RCCK</a></li><li><a href="China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">CDL</a></li><li><a href="China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association" title="China National Democratic Construction Association">CNDCA</a></li><li><a href="China_Association_for_Promoting_Democracy" title="China Association for Promoting Democracy">CAPD</a></li><li><a href="Chinese_Peasants'_and_Workers'_Democratic_Party" title="Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party">CPWDP</a></li><li><a href="China_Zhi_Gong_Party" title="China Zhi Gong Party">CZGP</a></li><li><a href="Jiusan_Society" title="Jiusan Society">JS</a></li><li><a href="Taiwan_Democratic_Self-Government_League" title="Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League">TDSL</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul>

<dl><dd>Historical parties: <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a></li><li><a href="China_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="China Democratic Socialist Party">CDSP</a></li><li><a href="Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">YCP</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_organization" title="People's organization">People's organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">CCP Central Politics and Law Commission</a></div>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Secretary_of_the_Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">Secretary</a>: <a href="Chen_Wenqing" title="Chen Wenqing">Chen Wenqing</a></div></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearance</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></div></dd>

<dd><a href="People's_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Public Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="State_Immigration_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Immigration Administration">State Immigration Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">Local public security bureaus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Minister_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Minister of State Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="Chen_Yixin" title="Chen Yixin">Chen Yixin</a></div></dd>

<dd><a href="People's_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">State Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Justice_(China)" title="Ministry of Justice (China)">Ministry of Justice</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="He_Rong" title="He Rong">He Rong</a></div></dd>

<dd><a href="People's_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police</a></dd>

<dd><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="People's_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a>

<dl><dd><a href="1st_Mobile_Contingent" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Mobile Contingent">1st Mobile Contingent</a></dd>

<dd><a href="2nd_Mobile_Contingent" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Mobile Contingent">2nd Mobile Contingent</a></dd>

<dd><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li>Bureau of Prison Administration</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Urban_management_and_law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban management and law enforcement">Urban Management <i>(chengguan)</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda%2C_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Leader: <a href="Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd>

<dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Leaders: <a href="Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a>, <a href="Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></div></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd>

<dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Head_of_the_Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Head of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Head</a>: <a href="Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="General_Administration_of_Press_and_Publication" title="General Administration of Press and Publication">General Administration of Press and Publication</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Film_Administration" title="China Film Administration">China Film Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="State_Council_Information_Office" title="State Council Information Office">State Council Information Office</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Radio_and_Television_Administration" title="National Radio and Television Administration">National Radio and Television Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Media_Group" title="China Media Group">China Media Group</a>

<ul><li><a href="China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a>

<ul><li><a href="China_Global_Television_Network" title="China Global Television Network">China Global Television Network</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="China_National_Radio" title="China National Radio">China National Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">China Radio International</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Reference_News" title="Reference News">Reference News</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="China_News_Service" title="China News Service">China News Service</a></li>

<li><i><a href="People's_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="China_Today" title="China Today">China Today</a></i></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a>

<ul><li><a href="Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a></li>

<li><a href="Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Overseas censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_jamming_in_China" title="Radio jamming in China">Radio jamming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media of China</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internal_media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal media of China">Internal media</a></li>

<li><a href="International_communication_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="International communication centers">International communication centers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing industry in China</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet in China</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a>

<dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="Zhuang_Rongwen" title="Zhuang Rongwen">Zhuang Rongwen</a></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs</a>

<dl><dd>Leader: <a href="Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">HK & Macau Affairs Office</a>

<dl><dd>Director: <a href="Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Liaison Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Liaison Office</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="One_country%2C_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">John Lee Ka-chiu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR Government</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing camp</a></li>

<li><a href="Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-democracy camp</a></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & HK CEPA</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Macao_Basic_Law" title="Macao Basic Law">Macao Basic Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="Ho_Iat-seng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Iat-seng">Ho Iat-seng</a>

<ul><li><a href="Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">Macau SAR Government</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Politics of Macau</a></li>

<li><a href="Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & Macau CEPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Cross-strait_relations" title="Cross-strait relations">Cross-strait relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Cross-strait_relations" title="Cross-strait relations">Cross-strait relations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Taiwan_Province%2C_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">"Taiwan Province", PRC</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs</a>

<dl><dd>Leader: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd>

<dd>Deputy Leader: <a href="Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a>

<dl><dd>Director: <a href="Song_Tao_(diplomat)" title="Song Tao (diplomat)">Song Tao</a></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a>

<dl><dd>Director: <a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd>

<dd>Deputy Director: <a href="Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></dd>

<dd>Secretary-General: <a href="Wang_Yi_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="Wang_Yi_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="List_of_spokespersons_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China">Spokespersons</a></dd>

<dd><a href="List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions</a></dd></dl></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid from China</a> / <a href="Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">to China</a></li>

<li><a href="China_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="China International Development Cooperation Agency">International Development Cooperation Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Exim_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Exim Bank of China">Exim Bank of China</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>

<li><a href="Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>

<ul><li><a href="New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a>

<ul><li><a href="Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">International Military Cooperation Office</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Foreign Affairs Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP International Department</a></li>

<li><a href="State_Administration_of_Foreign_Experts_Affairs" title="State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs">State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Office" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Office">Overseas Chinese Affairs Office</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese nationality law</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_passport" title="Chinese passport">Chinese passports</a> (<a href="Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="Macao_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Macao Special Administrative Region passport">Macau</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens">Visa requirements for Chinese citizens</a> (<a href="Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Macau" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau">Macau</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Visa_policy_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa policy of China">Visa policy of China</a> (<a href="Visa_policy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa policy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="Visa_policy_of_Macau" title="Visa policy of Macau">Macau</a>)</li>

<li><a href="National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">National Immigration Administration</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li>

<li><a href="Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_of_Common_Destiny" title="Community of Common Destiny">Community of Common Destiny</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></li>

<li><a href="China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">China and the World Trade Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Africa%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa–China relations">China–Africa relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">China–Arab relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Caribbean%E2%80%93People's_Republic_of_China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean–People's Republic of China relations">China–Caribbean relations</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">China–Latin America relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">China–Pacific relations</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Administrative divisions</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_planning_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Family planning policy">Family planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Hukou_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukou system">Hukou system</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-color: #AAAAAA;">

<span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AChina" title="Portal:China">China portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Four Cardinal Principles</b> (<a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">四项基本原则</span>; <a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sì-xiàng Jīběn Yuánzé</span></i>) were stated by <a href="Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> in March 1979 at a <a href="Theory_Conference%2C_January-April_1979" title="Theory Conference, January-April 1979">conference</a> of the <a href="Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), during the early phase of the <a href="Reform_and_opening_up" title="Reform and opening up">Reform and Opening-up</a> period, and are the four issues for which debate was not allowed within the <a href="People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-China_Internet_Information_Center-2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Internet_Information_Center-2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Four Cardinal Principles were one of Deng's Two Basic Points, the other of which was the Chinese economic reform.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The Four Cardinal Principles were emphasized in the 1981 <i><a href="Resolution_on_Certain_Questions_in_the_History_of_Our_Party_since_the_Founding_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China">Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 168">: 168 </span></sup> and were enshrined in <a href="Constitution_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2></div>

<p>The principles include:<sup id="cite_ref-China_Internet_Information_Center-2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Internet_Information_Center-2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup>

</p>

<ol><li>The principle of upholding the <a href="Socialism_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism (Marxism)">socialist</a> road.</li>

<li>The principle of upholding the <a href="People's_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">people's democratic dictatorship</a>.</li>

<li>The principle of upholding the leadership of the <a href="Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP).</li>

<li>The principle of upholding <a href="Mao_Zedong_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Zedong Thought">Mao Zedong Thought</a> and <a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div>

<p>Such principles marked a relaxation of control over ideology. In stating the four cardinal principles, an implication was that these four topics could not be questioned, but political ideas other than those in the list could be debated. Moreover, while the principles themselves are not subject to debate, the interpretations of those principles are.

</p><p>On the other hand, the principles were proclaimed as a sign of adherence to the communist ideology, thus paving the secure way to reevaluation of the <a href="Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> while preserving ideological stability and legitimacy of the CCP as a response to the <a href="Democracy_Wall" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFShambaugh2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="David_Shambaugh" title="David Shambaugh">Shambaugh, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernchinesesta0000unse"><i>The Modern Chinese State</i></a>. <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 184. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780521776035</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeng" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng, Xiaoping</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academics.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/China/Deng/principles.htm">"UPHOLD THE FOUR CARDINAL PRINCIPLES (excerpts)"</a>. <i><a href="Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901045747/http://academics.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/China/Deng/principles.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-China_Internet_Information_Center-2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China_Internet_Information_Center-2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_Internet_Information_Center-2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/CPC_90_anniversary/2011-06/22/content_22838756.htm">"'Four Cardinal Principles'"</a>. <i><a href="China_Internet_Information_Center" title="China Internet Information Center">China Internet Information Center</a></i>. June 22, 2011 [March 1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331213225/http://www.china.org.cn/china/CPC_90_anniversary/2011-06/22/content_22838756.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar" class="citation news cs1"><a href="Roderick_MacFarquhar" title="Roderick MacFarquhar">MacFarquhar, Roderick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/12/17/dengs-last-campaign/">"Deng's Last Campaign"</a>. <i><a href="New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a></i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). <i>Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: a Concise History</i>. Asia-Pacific series. Durham, NC: <a href="Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w">10.2307/j.ctv11hpp6w</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8223-4780-4</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11hpp6w">j.ctv11hpp6w</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSong2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Song, Yuehong (2015-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/0425/c85037-26903076.html">"Sì xiàng jīběn yuánzé cóng tíchū dào xiě rù xiànfǎ" <bdi lang="zh">四项基本原则从提出到写入宪法</bdi></a> [From the proposal of the four basic principles to the writing into the constitution]. <i><a href="People's_Daily" title="People's Daily">Renmin Wang</a></i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402101005/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/0425/c85037-26903076.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDikötterFergusonCochraneMcMaster2025" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Frank_Dik%C3%B6tter" title="Frank Dikötter">Dikötter, Frank</a>; <a href="Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a>; Cochrane, John; McMaster, H.R. (23 May 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=vpQPjOi23Og">"Caveman Marxists: Frank Dikötter on Whether China Is a Fiery Dragon or a Paper Tiger"</a>. <i>GoodFellows: Conversations from the Hoover Institution</i>. Hoover Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:02-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBorst2025" class="citation book cs1">Borst, Nicholas (2025). <i>The Bird and the Cage: China's Economic Contradictions</i>. <a href="Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-981-96-3996-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFACRadmin142015" class="citation web cs1">ACRadmin14 (26 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allchinareview.com/opening-china-to-the-world-deng-xiaoping-the-democracy-wall-and-the-four-cardinal-principles/">"Opening China to the World: Deng Xiaoping, the Democracy Wall and the Four Cardinal Principles | All China Review"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Four_Cardinal_Principles&oldid=1304582514">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>